Living in the shadows : displaced Lumads locked in a cycle of poverty / developed and written jointly by Frederick Kok of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) and Ernesto A. Anasarias and Maria Cecilia Kristina M. Africa, respectively executive director and consultant with the Balay Rehabilitation Center.

Introduction -- Research questions and objective -- Background to the government-NPA conflict -- Displacement due to the government-NPA conflict -- Responding to the needs of the displaced -- Conclusion.

The conflict between the government and the New People’s Army (NPA), the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines, is one of the world’s longest-running. It continues to attract little national or international attention. Peace talks, resumed in 2011, have so far progressed very little as neither party appears willing to make any concessions. The effects of the conflict are felt throughout the country, but they are particularly strong in eastern Mindanao, one of the NPA’s stronghold. Inhabitants are regularly displaced by armed clashes but also by the militarisation of their communities as the army consolidates its presence in the region. There are reports of violations of a number of human rights and of international humanitarian law (IHL). These include indiscriminate bombardments, the use of schools as barracks and command centres, harassment, threats, forced labour, restricted freedom of movement and extra-judicial killings that are contributing to a climate of fear and insecurity and leading to displacements