International Review of the Red Cross : humanitarian debate: law, policy, action / International Committee of the Red Cross.

Future war in cities: urbanization’s challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century /


Michael Evans

The impact of explosive weapons on urban services: direct and reverberating effects across space and time /

Michael Talhami and Mark Zeitoun

Before and after urban warfare: conflict prevention and transitions in cities /



Antonio Sampaio

ICRC Q&A on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas

Proportionality and precautions in attack: the reverberating effects of using explosive weapons in populated areas /


Isabel Robinson and Ellen Nohle

Precautions against the effects of attacks in urban areas /

Eric Talbot Jensen

Protecting civilians in urban areas: a military perspective on the application of international humanitarian law /


Nathalie Durhin

The ICRC’s approach to urban services during protracted armed conflict: Q & A with Evaristo De Pinho Oliveira /



Evaristo de Pinho Oliveira

Addressing urban crises: bridging the humanitarian – development divide /




Lucy Earle

Minimizing civilian harm in populated areas: lessons from examining ISAF and AMISOM policies /

Sahr Muhammedally

Permitted for law enforcement purposes but prohibited in the conduct of hostilities: the case of riot control agents and expanding bullets /



Samuel Longuet

It’s not about the gender binary, it’s about the gender hierarchy: a reply to “letting go of the gender binary” /




Jeanne Ward

Twenty years after Novye Atagi: a call to care for the carers /


Christoph Hensch

Strengthening compliance with ihl: the icrc-swiss initiative /




Jelena Pejic

ICRC’s statement at habitat III /



Hugo Slim

ICRC’s statement to the third Preparatory Committee Of Habitat III /


Hugo Slim

In an increasingly urban world, armed conflict and violence has also been urbanizing. Today, approximately 50 million people are affected by urban armed conflict, leading to mass displacement, destruction of critical infrastructure and interrupted or inadequate provision of basic public services. What steps can be taken to better protect civilian population in urban centers and ensure continuity in the provision of vital services in times of conflict? What are the specific challenges faced in urban warfare? Is IHL still adequate for the conflicts that take place in these settings? This edition of the Review attempts to answer these questions, and provide some insights into how the international community should approach war in cities.